Brief description of site: RSA-ASH1 I is a large high, domed and west-facing shelter located overlooking the well-known RSA-RSS1 serpent site but on the next band of sandstone up. The site is bilobial and is 8 m long, 6 m deep and up to 5 m high with rock blocs and debris capping a gently sloping floor. There is little to no vegetation in or near the site. The sound of the river echoes noticeably within the site.

The deposit is very rough and granular and not deep - less than 25 cm. There is a very good surface scatter of stone tools or lithics made of crypto-crystalline silicates - many of which show signs of fire-crazing. These lithics belong the Later Stone Age (c. 25 000 years ago - Historic times).
Brief description of art: There is a sparse 150 cm x 40 cm image cluster in the northern end of the site. There is a large 50 cm + faded red bulky animal painted in red. A smaller but much smaller buck-like animal is painted in light red above it. There is a red 'flying buck' above this group. A large vertical tear in the rock separates the animals from a dance of at least 8 human figures in red and white: 4 are shown running with split legs; 4 bend forward at the waist; 1 human draws a bow and has noticeable penis, and 1 human has its arms back. These two image clusters probably connect. Down low are 4 red and white human figures, 3 red animals - one an equid and one very thin with thin r tassel-like emanations. Very low down in a natural arch in the rock is a cluster of 3 gracile red ?rhebuck and 4 red human figures; possibly dancing.3

Brief description of site: Unlike most southern African rock-painting sites, this is not a 'shelter' but a cave, proper. 35 m wide, up to 10 m high and 39.72 m deep, The site has cathedral-like proportions. The cave also has two tiers with the lower tier being composed of a mostly level to slightly sloping sandy floor. The upper tier is composed of a rock ledge that runs along the cave's northern and southern walls. A natural spring burbles out from the back of the cave. RSA BUL1 faces East North East - North East and is situated in a tributary of the Kraai River, which is less than 1.2 km to the South East. Curiously, for such a huge cave, The site is secluded and is not visible until one is almost upon the cave. The sight also has excellent acoustics both within the cave and the echo down the valley.

The site was obviously a favoured location for the San or 'Bushmen' of times past. Underneath the dung overburden is archaeological deposit that is at least 0.5 m deep. This deposit is mostly sandy and loose. There are numerous patches and even 'carpets' of lithics (stone tools) on the cave floor. These lithics are made from opalines (also known as crypto-crystalline silicates), which are volcanic fine-grained gemstone-like rocks that get washed down from the basalt mountains into streams and rivers. There are also some hornfels (also known as indurated shale or lydianite) stone tools. Hornfels is the rock that makes up river pebbles. The whole range of stone tools and stone tool manufacture is visible at the site. There are chips, chunks and cores, which indicate that stone tools were made in the cave. These tools are also present in their finished form. For example, there are sidescrapers and endscrapers - used to work leather; adzes - used to work wood; and flakes - used as general purpose cutting tools. Further there is evidence of the preservation of bone and there is plenty of charcoal, from human made fires, veld fires and vitrified dung from when the stock's dung internally combusted. A single ostrich eggshell fragment was noted. There are areas on the rocks, which have been used as lower grindstones to grind seeds and ochre. There are also some grooves used to sharpen or straighten metal objects. Small fragments of grit-tempered undecorated pottery are also present. This pottery is probably not San but relates to Black farmers' and herders' occupation of the cave. The cave has numerous stone walls and structures - those with right angle corners being made by White farmers, those with round angles being made by Black farmers and herders.
Brief description of art: Snakes. Graffiti.

There are in excess of 300 individual San rock-paintings in the site. These paintings occur in two giant panels on two tiers. The size, quantity, quality and variety of the imagery shows that the site was not only used as a practical living shelter, but also a locus of great spiritual importance to the San. The paintings are too numerous to discuss individually and I highlight certain image clusters:

Upper tier: Dominating this upper tier is a painted herd of over 40 eland (Tragelaphus oryx) painted in very nearly every conceivable pose and perspective. These eland are painted in red, white and red or orange ochre. Some of the eland are shaded, some are bichrome and some are polychrome (many colours). These eland are shown from above, below, upside-down, on their side, lying down, standing, resting, galloping and so fort. Interestingly, behind the lying down eland is a figure that most people have identified as an ostrich (see cover of 'major Rock Paintings of Southern Africa', attached). This is, however, incorrect as Mr Sephton of Pitlochrie correctly points out, it is an eland the artist got in a tangle over. Notice the black pads on the legs. At the far left of this giant panel are two exceptional therianthropes. These therianthropes - part-human and part-animal beings - are exceptionally large at 880 mm tall. Look closely at their feet and you will see they have hooves and even leave a trail of eland spoor. This entire panel is visually dominant and strikes one immediately upon entering the cave. The focus on eland, human figures and therianthropes gives this panel a tight conceptual unity. Given the visual appearance of the pigment and imagery, it would appear that this panel was painted by one or a small group of individuals in no more than three painting episodes. This is thus comparable to a work like Michaelangelo's Sistine Chapel work.

Lower tier: The lower tier has a more varied subject matter and evidently the paintings belong to different periods, building up over centuries, even millennia. Again, there are numerous eland, including some with a more blocked and angular appearance as well as eland whose lines flow and blend with the rock. There is a curious red one-horned 'moose'-like animal. Two of the more orange eland have orange zigzag lines coming off their chests - like the zigzag line off the chest of the human figure at RSA FET. There is a curled up snake with tusks painted in white and ochre. Also an antelope-equid like animal in red with erect black hairs on its back. There is a knees up, bending-forward human figure in red, white and black bleeding from the nose or mouth and having tusks. There are numerous very delicate Mountain rhebuck (Redunca fulvorufula) painted in a variety of poses. There are also two therianthropes imitative of the large threrianthropes on the upper tier. There is clear 'contact' imagery with a clear yellow horse, two white Friesland cattle and black-painted figures with red earrings and shield - probably representing early Xhosa warriors.

Brief description of site: RSA BUL2 is an 18 m long, up to 4 m high and 8 m deep ocular cave-like space. The site is located on the 1 720 m contour and has light vegetation growing within the shelter.. There is a large, level floor area that makes this an excellent living space.

The floor is soft and may have considerable depth of deposit. The site is high enough not to be flooded regularly and has a high ash content, suggesting good preservation of organic remains, as is borne out by the good number of bone fragments visible. There is some grit-tempered, undecorated pottery - perhaps from herder's stays. There is also Historic period white crockery. In terms of stone tools, there are many present at this site. Most of these tools are made on fine-grained agate rocks known generally as crytpo-crystalline silicates or oplaines. Every stage of stone tool manufacture is present. There are cores - large lumps of rock from which stone tools are made. There are flakes - general-purpose cutting tools. Adzes are present and were used for woodworking in much the same way as a spokeshave. End and side-scrapers, often in the shape of a thumbnail were used to prepare leather. There are also rare burins and awls - used to pierce. These stone tools and the paintings show that this site was a long-term home and spiritual centre for Bushman communities.
Brief description of art: On the central portion of the site's back wall, in pulses over a 11 m area, are perhaps 250 individual Bushman rock paintings. These paintings show considerable conceptual unity and centre on the Medicine Dance (also known as the 'Trance Dance'); the most pivotal and enduring of Bushman religious ceremonies. Many of the dancing figures are animal-headed and hooved - and are called 'therianthropes'. Other human figures bleed from the nose and assume a range of striking body posture such as bending forward from the waist, lying prone, holding and hand to the nose, holding arms behind the back, dancing and so forth. There are numerous eland (Tragelaophus oryx) - some of which have been re-painted (which is unusual) and, interestingly, more than a dozen hartebeest (Buselaphus) - one of which depicted in rear perspective - as well as smaller antelope such as rhebuck (Redunca fulvorufula). There is a set of distinctive white human figures. Many of the human figures are shown running - some appear to be fleeing a rough red baboon-like 'monster'. Below one very complete rendering of a Medicine Dance with dancers, shamans with constricted waists and clapping people, an animal headed snake is shown as though emerging from a crack in the rock. There are some less fine human figures depicted in a bright orange paint.